Bone Health in Athletes: The Role of Exercise, Nutrition, and Hormones.

Goolsby Marci A., Boniquit Nicole
Sports Health, 2017

Abstract

Context

The health of the skeletal system is important for athletes young and old. From the early benefits of exercise on bones to the importance of osteoporosis prevention and treatment, bone health affects the ability to be active throughout life. Evidence acquisition: PubMed articles dating from 1986 to 2016 were used for the review. Relevant terms such as keywords and section titles of the article were searched and articles identified were reviewed for relevance to this article.

Study design

Clinical review.

Level of evidence

Levels 1 through 4 evidence included.

Results

There is strong evidence that exercise benefits bone health at every age and is a critical factor in osteoporosis prevention and treatment. Vitamin D, calcium, and hormones play vital roles in ensuring optimal bone health. When there is an imbalance between exercise and nutrition, as seen in the female athlete triad, bone health is compromised and can lead to bone stress injuries and early osteoporosis. Both of these can lead to morbidity and lost time from training and competition. Thus, early recognition and appropriate treatment of the female athlete triad and other stress fracture risk factors are vital to preventing long-term bone health problems.

Conclusion

To optimize bone health, adequate nutrition, appropriate weightbearing exercise, strength training, and adequate calcium and vitamin D are necessary throughout life.

Keywords

bone health; exercise; hormones; stress fractures; vitamin D.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no potential conflicts of interest in the development and publication of this article.

PMID:	27821574
PMCID (Free PMC Article):	PMC5349390
DOI:	10.1177/1941738116677732
Category:	Joint / Bone Health
Category:	Sports Nutrition

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