Marine OMEGA-3 Fatty Acids in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease.

Mori Trevor A.
Fitoterapia, 2017

Abstract

Omega-6 (ω6) and omega-3 (ω3) fatty acids are two classes of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from linoleic acid (18:2ω6) and Alpha-Linolenic Acid (18:3ω3), respectively. Enzymatic metabolism of linoleic and α-linolenic acids generates arachidonic acid (20:4ω6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5ω3; EPA), respectively, both of which are substrates for enzymes that yield eicosanoids with multiple and varying physiological functions. Further elongation and desaturation of EPA yields the 22-carbon fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (22:6ω3; DHA). The main dietary source of EPA and DHA for human consumption is fish, especially oily fish. There is considerable evidence that EPA and DHA are protective against cardiovascular disease (heart disease and stroke), particularly in individuals with pre-existing disease. ω3 Fatty acids benefit multiple risk factors including blood pressure, blood vessel function, heart function and blood lipids, and they have antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative actions. ω3 Fatty acids do not adversely interact with medications. Supplementation with ω3 fatty acids is recommended in individuals with elevated blood triglyceride levels and patients with coronary heart disease. A practical recommendation for the general population is to increase ω3 fatty acid intake by incorporating fish as part of a healthy diet that includes increased fruits and vegetables, and moderation of salt intake. Health authorities recommend the general population should consume at least two oily fish meals per week.

The best supplements with Omega-3 Acids or Alpha-Linolenic Acid in Cardiovascular Support category:

• Organic Flax Seed Oil, 1,000 mg, 90 Softgels (Zahler) - Cold Pressed Flaxseed OilZehaler Flaxseed Oil is high in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which is partially converted by the body into other important nutrients like DHA and EPA, Cold pressed from organic flax seeds, Zahler's Flaxseed Oil is 100% pure and natural, unmodified by chemical refinements. It contains among others: Alpha-Linolenic Acid.
• Liquid Omega-3, Deep Sea Fish Oil EPA/DHA, Natural Orange Flavor, 16 fl oz (480 ml) (Nature's Answer) -

  Omega-3 Fish Oil provides, molecularly distilled, nitrogen flushed fish body oil, harvested in the cold, clean waters of the North Atlantic. It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids.

• Liquid Norwegian Cod Liver Oil, Natural Lemon-Lime Flavor, 16 fl oz (480 ml) (Nature's Answer) - Nature’s Answer Liquid Cod Liver Oil is harvested from the deep, clean, cold waters of the North Atlantic. It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids.
• Methylcobalamin Vitamin B-12, Timed Release, 1,000 mcg, 160 Tablets (Zenwise Health) - Zenwise Health Vitamin B-12 is a premium supplement that contains 1000 mcg of Vitamin B-12 (Methylcobalamin) to help support the body's metabolic function to draw more energy from fats and carbohydrates. It contains among others: Alpha-Linolenic Acid.
• Marine Algae Derived Vegan Omega-3, 120 Softgels (Zenwise Health) - M It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids.
• Omega-3 Fish Oil, Ultra-Pure Cold-Water Fish Oil, 180 Softgels (ALLMAX Nutrition) - Athletes have long known the power of Deep Cold-Water fish oil to attain peak physical performance. It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids.
• Fish Oil, 1,000 mg, 300 Softgels (21st Century) - EPA and DHA are important Omega-3 fatty acids that supports cardiovascular health as well as being important components of the cells in the body. It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids.
• Omega 3-6-9, 1,300 mg, 120 Softgels (Solgar) - This formula provides a blend of three premium oils - Fish, Flax and Borage. It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids, Alpha-Linolenic Acid.
• Omega-3, EPA & DHA, Triple Strength, 950 mg, 50 Softgels (Solgar) - Omega 3 950 mg is Solgar's highest concentration of the natural Omega 3 polyunsaturates EPA and DHA from cold-water fish. It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids.
• B-Complex "100", 100 Vegetable Capsules (Solgar) - Each required nutrient in the Vitamin B Complex performs a unique role in maintaining proper metabolic functioning, while nutritionally supporting the body during the occasional stress of daily living. It contains among others: Alpha-Linolenic Acid.
• Omega-3, EPA & DHA, Triple Strength, 950 mg, 100 Softgels (Solgar) - Omega 3 950 mg is Solgar’s highest concentration of the natural Omega 3 polyunsaturates EPA and DHA from cold-water fish. It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids.
• Tri-3D Omega, 330 EPA/220 DHA, 90 Softgels (Now Foods) - The natural fish oil concentrate used in this softgel is manufactured under strict quality control standards. It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids.
• Flax Oil, 1000 mg, 120 Veggie Softgels (Now Foods) - Flax oil is a natural reservoir for the omega-3 fatty acids alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids, Alpha-Linolenic Acid.
• Omega-3, 180 Softgels (Now Foods) - The natural fish oil concentrate is manufactured under strict quality control standards. It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids.
• Neptune Krill Oil, 500 mg, 120 Softgels (Now Foods) - NKO (Neptune Krill Oil) (Euphausia Superba) is known for its unique fatty acid (FA) profile, which includes EPA and DHA, plus phospholipids. It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids.
• High Lignan Flax Oil, 1,000 mg, 120 Softgels (Now Foods) - Flax Oil (Linum Usitatissimum) is a natural reservoir for the omega-3 fatty acid, Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA). It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids, Alpha-Linolenic Acid.
• Pumpkin Seed Oil, 1000 mg, 100 Softgels (Now Foods) - Pumpkin Seed Oil (Cucurbita Pepo) is a nutritional oil with essential fatty acids (EFAs) and phytosterols. It contains among others: Alpha-Linolenic Acid.
• Omega-3, Molecularly Distilled, 30 Softgels (Now Foods) - This natural fish oil concentrate is manufactured under strict quality control standards. It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids.
• Omega-3 Mini Gels, 180 Softgels (Now Foods) - The Natural Fish Oil concentrate used in this softgel is manufactured under strict quality control standards. It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids.
• Super Omega EPA, Molecularly Distilled, 240 Softgels (Now Foods) - NOW Super Omega EPA has twice the EPA (360 mg per softgel) as in our regular strength product (180 mg per softgel). It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids.
• DHA-500/EPA-250, Double Strength, 180 Softgels (Now Foods) - NOW DHA-500 has twice the DHA (500 mg per softgel) as in our regular strength product (250 mg per softgel). It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids.
• Omega 3-6-9, 1000 mg, 250 Softgels (Now Foods) - Omega 3-6-9 is a blend of Flax-Seed (Linum Usitatissimum), Evening Primrose (Oenothera Biennis), Canola (Brassica Napus) / Omega-9 / Erucic Acid , Black Currant Seed Oils (Ribes Nigrum) - which contains: EPA, DHA, ALA, GLA and Linoleic Acid; and Pumpkin Seed Oils (Cucurbita Pepo). It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids, Alpha-Linolenic Acid.
• Super Omega 3-6-9, 1200 mg, 180 Softgels (Now Foods) - Super Omega 3-6-9 is a blend of Fish, Borage and Flax Seed Oils (Linum Usitatissimum). It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids, Alpha-Linolenic Acid.
• Ultra Omega 3-D, 600 EPA/300 DHA, 180 Softgels (Now Foods) - Supportive but not conclusive research shows that consumption of EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids.
• Ultra Omega-3, 500 EPA/250 DHA, 90 Softgels (Now Foods) - Supportive but not conclusive research shows that consumption of EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids.
• Omega-3, 180 EPA/120 DHA, 500 Softgels (Now Foods) - The natural fish oil concentrate used in this softgel in manufactured under strict quality control standards. It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids.
• Omega-3, 180 EPA/120 DHA, 200 Softgels (Now Foods) - The natural fish oil concentrate used in this softgel is manufactured under strict quality control standards. It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids.
• Ultra Omega-3, 500 EPA/250 DHA, 180 Softgels (Now Foods) - The Natural Fish Oil Concentrate used in this softgel is manufactured under strict quality control standards. It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids.
• Kid's Chewable DHA, Fruit Flavor, 60 Softgels (Now Foods) - K It contains among others: Omega-3 Acids.
• Vitabase - Enfūz (Advanced) - Enfūz Advanced is a complete nutritional supplement program designed to meet your basic nutritional needs. It contains among others: Alpha-Linolenic Acid.

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